Though high-speed machining, be it milling or turning, is one of the hottest topics today, there are many ways to define what it means. Some say it's spindle speeds running over some specified minimum rpm. Others define it as high cutting speeds or feeds, or a combination of the two. Whatever the definition, obviously it's not just a matter of tooling up CNCs with the right cutting tools, then ramping them up, otherwise we'd have nothing to talk about.

We prefer to think in terms of productivity, so high-productivity machining (HPM) is a term we're suggesting for when you optimize both speeds and feeds up to a point of diminishing returns, whether or not those speeds and feeds meet someone else's definition of "high speed machining." The rationale is that higher output is only beneficial if the end result is good parts, minimum rework and near-zero scrap. You also want to be sure you don't get the output at the expense of early retirement of your expensive CNC center due to excessive wear and tear.

There are many factors to consider before you decide whether you are a candidate for HPM. A lot depends on your application, workpiece, material, depth of cut, workload, and so on. The main application areas for HPM today include injection and blow dies and molds, forging dies, prototyping dies and electrodes.

Milling tools should be designed and balanced for conventional and high-speed milling. Shown here is Sandvik Coromant's CoroMill 200 round insert facemill in action.

The purpose of this article is to sort out "friendly" conditions for HPM, then cover the prerequisites in milling tool selection to get maximum output from CNC machining centers.

Running Faster But Smarter

What are the advantages of HPM?

1. Better utilization of fixed assets. Once a shop has invested in a fully equipped CNC mill, it wants to make sure the machine is producing and performing as close to capacity as possible.
2. Higher metal removal rates, therefore, improve productivity and lower costs. This creates a competitive edge and the ability to meet just-in-time deliveries.
3. Lower cutting forces and heat leading to lesser risk of tool deflection and workpiece distortion. This is important for any job, but especially when milling harder metals or thin-wall workpieces.
4. Better surface quality. Generally, at the higher speeds and feeds, machining involves taking shallower DOCs with harder, more stable and larger diameter tools. The result is lower runout; smoother cuts; and fewer burrs and chatter marks.
5. Better chip removal rates. Chips are smaller and evacuated more easily.

That is the case even when machining dry.

Fig. 1—A perfectly balanced tool can become unbalanced with the addition of a simple "OK" sticker. Any tampering with the tool should be avoided.

Slow Down, You're Going Too Fast

When you review these benefits, you'll probably question why the HPM fever hasn't caught on over a larger cross-section of industries. To begin answering, consider the life of wheel bearings on a sports-coupe driven at city speeds. Then, compare that to the life of wheel bearings on the same car driven at 200 mph on a high-speed highway. Which will last longer? The analogy to HPM is clear, and the moral is that the advantages also bring disadvantages. So, a number of issues must be addressed. Here are some of them:

1. Machine guideways, ball screws and spindle bearings will wear faster due to spindle start and stop and higher acceleration and deceleration rates. As a result, machine tool maintenance can become a problem requiring more frequent service and/or component replacements.
2. Specific high-speed process, programming and data transfer interface expertise is needed. That in turn means recruitment of more advanced staff at higher wages.
3. Systematic planning is necessary to line up work in advance to "feed" the "hungry" CNC.
4. "Trial and error" periods for new workpieces may be needed.
5. Human, hardware or software errors could mean big losses if the CNC cannot be stopped quickly enough to correct the problem.
6. Extra safety precautions must be in place. Example: an insert breaking loose from a 40 mm diameter milling cutter at a spindle speed of 40,000 rpm will be ejected at a speed of 84 meters per second. That's the equivalent of a bullet fired from a pistol! Precautions include sturdier safety enclosures, such as steel or high impact polycarbonate plastic. Screws and tools with long overhangs and adapters need to be checked regularly for fatigue cracks. HSS tools are out. Solid workholding and toolholding are in. The tooling manufacturer's guidelines for speeds and feeds must be followed scrupulously.

The Process Angle

Here's what's required on the process side.

1. Dedicated machine tools, cutting tools and controls designed for the specific HPM process. This means extra cost and inventory, so a shop should investigate whether the productivity gains outweigh the investment.
2. Advanced programming techniques with the most favorable tool paths. This calls for expert programming staff to handle these requirements.
3. Either high part volumes or small specialized batches.
4. Depth of cut and average chip thickness lower than with conventional machining.
5. Dry milling with compressed air or oil mist under high pressure.

Fig. 2—The runout (TIR) of a cutting tool adversely affects surface quality.	Fig. 3—Runout adversely affects tool life.

The Right Tooling

Contrary to popular belief, machine tool capabilities are not ahead of tooling where performance is concerned. Both solid and indexable tooling for HPM is already available today. However, it is a question of selecting the right holder, insert, and tool/machine interface. Here are some guidelines:

1. Use dedicated inserts for each roughing, medium machining and finishing operation.
2. Select tools with rugged, rigid construction. Carbide tools provide the best rigidity. Avoid HSS tools.
3. Select oversized, tapered shanks, especially for small diameters.
4. Short, stubby tools are preferable. Avoid long overhangs.
5. Symmetrical, factory balanced tools are essential. Even adding a simple label could throw off a tool's balance, as shown in Figure 1.
6. Cutter bodies should be designed to provide copious chip clearance.
7. Cutter bodies should incorporate holes for air blast or coolant.
8. High-precision tip seats and inserts are mandatory. Total TIR from the two combined should be no more than 10 microns. Comparable numbers for grinding should be lower than 3 microns. The influences of runout on surface quality and tool life are illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, respectively.
9. Inserts made from micrograin substrates will provide maximum stiffness and durability.
10. Inserts with reinforced cutting edges will provide higher security.
11. If at all possible, select short edges for lowest possible risk of vibration.
12. Durable, heat resistant insert coatings, such as titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) will wear better.
13. Each tool's maximum allowable rpm should not be exceeded.
14. A solid, stable tool/spindle interface is essential to avoid vibration.

Thin-Walls, Hard Metals

Fig. 4—Cutting pressures drop gradually as spindle speeds are increased when milling aluminum. The downward slope is indicative of the benefits of high-speed machining for soft metals, as well as thin-wall workpieces.	Fig. 5—The diagram shows the dramatic impact of high speed machining on cutting forces. Between 500 and 1,000 rpm, friction drops sharply, then it steadily diminishes at a slower pace as speeds are ramped up.

Sensitive applications, such as milling of thin-walled or hard metal workpieces, can greatly benefit from HPM. Reason is that tool/workpiece engagement time is shorter than with conventional milling, therefore cutting pressure and forces are much reduced (Figures 4 and 5). When feed rates are higher than the time it takes to propagate heat, there is less heat produced in the workpiece (Figure 6). Less heat, in turn, means lower risk of distortion. This is especially important when working with thin walls or hard metals.

A Word About Coolants

Can dry milling also be extended to HPM? For the most part, the same benefits obtainable from turning off the cutting fluid in conventional milling applications also apply to HPM. In general, when milling, cutting fluid can do more harm than good, because it increases the thermal shock on cutting edges. To a large degree, most of the cutting fluid converts to steam anyway when it hits the hot cutting zone, so the cooling benefit is lost. Eliminating liquid coolant can boost tool life 25 to 50 percent in many cases and save about 15 to 20 percent in coolant and disposal costs.

Fig. 6—When milling at high feed rates, heat generated in the cutting action does not have enough time to travel into the workpiece, making this mode of cutting ideal for heat-resistant metals.

However, there are a few exceptions to the cutting fluid "rule" for HPM. Dry machining is not recommended in these situations:

1. When machining sticky materials, such as low carbon steel and stainless steel.
2. When finishing aluminum and stainless steel to prevent smearing of small particles damaging the surface. The coolant lubricates the area and helps evacuate these particles.
3. When machining thin-wall components to prevent geometrical distortion.

In instances when it is necessary to apply copious amounts of cutting fluid, select a cemented carbide insert with a tough substrate and multilayer coatings. The preferred alternative to liquid coolant is compressed air and oil mist under high pressure as the second choice. With cermet, ceramic or cubic boron nitride inserts, coolant should not be considered an option at all.

Tooling Is Not An Obstacle

The key to optimizing capacity lies in keeping big-ticket machinery working, in cutting at optimum rates for the material and, above all, in minimizing idle machine time. It is best to look at the total productivity picture to see the value of optimizing speeds, as well as feeds, without losing part quality or incurring rework or scrap.

Tooling is not an obstacle for those who want to implement high-productivity machining. Rather, users have to apply different tool selection criteria and machining techniques than with conventional milling. Any of today's machining centers will perform as well as its tooling allows. And you can control which tooling goes on that machine.

About the authors. Andy Pitsker is Product Manager Tooling Systems and Steve Piscopo is Product Manager Milling Tools with Sandvik Coromant in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. They can be reached at (201) 794-5000, fax (201) 794-5217.

The Sandvik You May Not Know To most metalworking companies in the United States, Sandvik and Sandvik Coromant are virtually synonymous, both names for the company that supplies carbide inserts, cutter bodies, and modular tooling systems. In fact, Sandvik is much more than cutting tools. Headquartered in Sandviken, Sweden, Sandvik Group is an international engineering company with worldwide business activities conducted through 300 companies and representation in 130 countries. The new Sandvik Group is now concentrating on three core areas—Sandvik Tooling, Specialty Steels and Mining Construction. Sandvik Coromant, the one we know best, is part of Sandvik Tooling, which includes CTT Tools, a major manufacturer of high-speed steel tools and solid cemented carbide tools. Sandvik Tooling acquired the U.S. company, Precision Twist Drill, in 1997. The products from Sandvik Hard Materials range from cemented carbide to diamond for a range of industries as diverse as biotechnical to iron and steel producers. Sandvik Specialty Steels includes Sandvik Steel, a producer of tube, strip, wire and bar mainly in stainless steel but also titanium, nickel and zirconium. When Sandvik Steel developed its SANMAC brand of improved machinability bar product, Sandvik Coromant developed its M-Line of cemented-carbide cutting tools designed specifically to maximize the free-machining characteristics of the steel while offering exceptional resistance to wear of cutting edges. Kanthal, the other component of the Specialty Steels unit, produces metallic and ceramic resistance materials for industrial furnaces and household appliances. Sandvik Mining & Construction, which specializes in equipment and tools for rock excavation, has a wide range of products for rock-working operations—drilling machinery as well as rock drilling tools. Process Systems, another member of the Specialty Steels group, markets complete systems for automatic goods sorting and process plants for chemical and food processing industries. These systems are generally based on steel conveyor belts, which are also sold separately. Sandvik Group employs more than 34,000 worldwide and has annual sales close to $6 billion. Sandvik Steel, one of the many Sandvik companies other than the insert and tooling manufacturer Sandvik Coromant, has developed the SANMAC range of stainless steels for high machinability without compromising corrosion resistance and strength. The Coromant M-line of cemented carbide inserts was developed with geometries especially suited to machining this range of stainless steels.