The Right Angle On Perpendicularity

In nature, a right angle happens only by chance. But the importance of this concept—which results from the perpendicular intersection of lines or surfaces—applies to architecture, civil engineering, agriculture and manufacturing.

There are a number of different terms used to describe this relationship, including perpendicularity, 90 degrees, normalcy or squareness. In engineering products, which may not have perpendicular surfaces, the right angle is used in the dimensioning of rectangular coordinates. The implementation of perpendicularity in manufacturing and measuring is never perfect and is assessed as achieving a greater or lesser degree of perpendicularity.

The most common method to inspect for perpendicularity is to compare the part to a master square.

In the world of machine tools, perpendicularity is extremely important because it sets up the reference to which all parts are manufactured. For these applications, optics, in the form of autocollimators or lasers, are used as the reference standard.

The steel square or cylindrical square are the most widely used tools for surface plate work. They function by determining whether two selected points on the part are located on a common plane at a right angle to the surface plate. This check is performed with a special height stand on which a spherical contact on the base and an indicator are held vertically on an adjustable bracket. The mastering process involves bringing the contact on the gaging stand to a reference square. The indicator is then moved to the selected point on the reference square, touched off and set to zero. This sets up a comparative square that can be used as a transferable master to measure parts. The reference square is replaced by the part and the two contacts on the stand are touched to the part. Any deviation is read on the indicator as a deviation from perpendicularity. Based on having a right angle, and knowing the distance between the base reference contact and the indicator sensing tip, the deviation can be converted to an angular measurement.

One of the issues with this type of measurement is that it measures only two points on the perpendicular surface, the reference point and the sensing point. A lot of things can be going on between two points. For example, the surface may have some out-of-straightness which, depending where the sensitive contact lands, can mean the difference between a good and bad part. A step up from the two point, fixed location method is to use a stand, which is also a very precise square and allows for precision vertical movement while retaining its perpendicularity throughout the vertical travel. These tend to be very precise, but expensive, master squares that can provide measurement at numerous points and thus provide a true picture of the part’s perpendicularity.

A faster, more automated way of making this surface plate perpendicularity check is with an electronic height gage. While the electronic height gage may not have the level of mechanical perpendicularity that is built into a precise master square, it is a very repeatable gage. Since it is repeatable, any inherent inaccuracy can be measured and corrected for.

Another advantage of the electronic height gage is that a digital indicator can be used to automatically record deviations as the slide moves up the axis. The result is a recording of multiple points along the part and the simultaneous calculation of both straightness and perpendicularity in both angular and displacement readout.

It should also be pointed out that the perpendicularity measurement is only as good as the reference surface upon which it is based. Since these tend to be surface plate related measurements, the accuracy of the surface plate and its cleanliness determine the perpendicularity of the height gage.